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Risks and Response Strategies for Lithium-ion Battery Fires

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Lithium-ion batteries have emerged as the power source of choice for a vast array of modern tools and mobility devices. From toothbrushes to smartphones, construction tools to medical devices, scooters to cars, these rechargeable power sources have transformed the way we power our homes, cities and everything in between.

However, there are risks associated with lithium-ion batteries, and firefighters must be aware of the challenges they present and the measures needed to mitigate these dangers when tackling incidents involving these devices.

Understanding the risks

Conditions that can lead to potentially dangerous incidents

Chemical composition

Lithium-ion batteries contain volatile electrolytes, and when exposed to high temperatures or physical damage, they can release flammable gases.

Ejection

Batteries can be ejected from a battery pack or casing during an incident thereby spreading the fire or creating a cascading incident with secondary ignitions/fire origins.

Risk of reignition

Even after extinguishing a lithium-ion battery fire, there is a risk of reignition.

Thermal runaway

This is the chain reaction of uncontrolled heating can lead to fire or explosion.

Signs of damage or thermal runaway include:

  • Mechanical damage such as cracking (from abuse or dropping/collision).
  • Bulging.
  • Popping/hissing.
  • Visible gases venting.
  • Rising temperature.

Understanding the challenges for firefighters

Chemical exposure

Firefighters should be cautious of potential chemical exposure during firefighting operations, and proper personal protective equipment should be donned.

Intensive cooling requirements

Firefighters need to adopt strategic cooling methods to manage these incidents effectively.

Complex vehicle construction

Vehicle construction and design is different for BEV/PHEV makes and models, so firefighters and other first responders should get Emergency Response Guides (ERGs) from original equipment manufacturers to inform critical actions such as safe and effective rescue and vehicle extrication. Familiarity with these unique designs is essential for swift and effective response.

Reignition risks

Even after extinguishing a lithium-ion battery fire, there is a risk of reignition. Firefighters should implement thorough post-fire assessments and continued monitoring to prevent rekindling, including during post-incident transport and placement.

Response strategies

Establishing safety zones

Establish safe zones to protect from potential hazards, minimizing risk.

Cooling techniques

Implement and use cooling techniques to manage the heat generated by lithium-ion batteries.

Collaboration/Partnerships

Establish partnerships with EV manufacturers and industry experts for more informed and effective firefighting techniques.

Training programs

Conduct regular training programs for firefighters.

Emergency shutdown procedures

Be familiar with emergency shutdown procedures for EVs to isolate the power source and mitigate potential risks.